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ducati

2008-03-12T17:45:00.003-07:00

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Ducati North America Bringing 'Ducati Island' To Daytona
RoadracingWorld.com, CA - 1 hour ago
Cupertino, CA (February 28th, 2008) - Ducati North America announces the arrival of the inaugural Ducati Island to Daytona Bike Week.

New bike is Bayliss' incentive
The Age, Australia - 14 hours ago
But he says it was the chance to ride Ducati's all-new 1098 bike that really peaked his interest. "Retirement had been on my mind for two years,

Scottish Debut For Ducati 1098R
Superbike News, UK - 12 hours ago
After an incredible reception at the recent London Motorcycle show, Ducati heads north of the border to showcase its strongest ever model year line up at

Testing Starts Well For Airwaves Ducati
Superbike News, UK - Feb 27, 2008
Airwaves Ducati are pleased with their progress following the completion of a 3 day test in Almeria. It was the first outing for the team on the new Ducati

New Ducati 1098R: So Awesome it Hurts
Car Domain, WA - Feb 27, 2008
This baby was born to win races, and if Ducati's recent success in Qatar is any indication, it's going to deliver in a big way. Get all the details over at

Ducati; Motorcycles, Myths and Celebrity Fights
Clutch and Chrome, FL - Feb 27, 2008
Preferably those being of Ducati's. That's how much time has gone by since the media circus around Tom Cruise taking possession of his limited edition,

British Superbikes Almeria test: Michael Rutter talks Ducati 1098

Radical Alien Ducati on sale
Visordown.com - Feb 27, 2008
By Visordown News RADICAL, the custom motorcycle company that's made its mark by breathing even more life into Ducati sports bikes, has put its excellent

Haga sets early pace down under
crash.net, UK - 39 minutes ago
Fourth went to Max Neukirchner, making it three different marques in the leading quartet as the German ran Bayliss close, while the Sterilgarda Ducati

Stoner makes fast night start.
Yahoo! Eurosport, UK - 4 hours ago
The Ducati star, who later said he was 'riding on instinct', needed just 45 minutes to find his bearings around the floodlit Losail circuit - and was

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Ducati.com

Ducati official WWW site. Ducati, located in Bologna Italy, builds one of the world's finest, and most sought after, motorcycles.
www.ducati.com/

Ducati.com

The official site of the Ducati Corse team including rider profiles, photo gallery, race results, and team news.
www.ducati.com/racing/index.jhtml

Ducati

Ducati North America is pleased announce the return of the Superbike Concorso. There will be five rounds of the Superbike Concorso in 2008. ...
www.ducatiusa.com/

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Ducati Motor Holding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From their first post-Second World War bicycle-like low-displacement motorbikes Ducati has gained prominence in motorcycle racing and in the motorcycle ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati

Ducati 916 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Ducati 916 is an Italian sports motorcycle manufactured by Ducati from 1993 to 1999. In contrast to Japanese inline four-cylinder competitors of the ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_916

The Ducati Index

This is an index of Ducati related information; it is a listing of books, magazine articles, web links, clubs, dealers, and so on. ...
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Search results for Ducati in Motorcycles

2005 DUCATI MULTISTRADA 1000S DS MTS1000 1000 S OHLINS. Mileage: 6131. Year: 2005 .... 2006 DUCATI 999 SUPERBIKE BIPOSTO w/ LEO VINCE EXHAUST. Mileage: 625 ...
motors.shop.ebay.com/cqtranslate/_W0QQ_catZ49987QQ_msppZQQ_pcatsZ6024Q2c6000

www.ducati.net - Ducati Online

Ducati owner's home on the internet. Also know as the Ducati List, this owners club generates over 300000 e-mails a day between Ducati Owners worldwide ...
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DUCATI WOMEN

Photos, racing stories. Biographies from ducati women around the globe.
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Ducati Suite- For the Do-It-Yourself Ducati Mechanic

The focus of this page is to help those Ducati owners who are interested in performing their own maintenance, or are looking to modify their bikes without ...
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Ducati Monster List Home

The Ducati Monster List: The online hangout for Ducati Monster Owners.
www.ducatimonster.org/

Ducati 996 Streetrace exhaust sound
exhaust sound...A Ducati 996 racing around a German harbour ...
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Ducati MH900 evoluzione
MH900 evoluzione...http://elifoner.com/89 - Custom Ducati ...
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Ducati Classifieds - Buy, Used, Sell, Trade all that is DUCATI

Ducati trader classifieds lists Ducati motorcycles for sale, and Ducati motorcycle parts.
ducatitrader.com/

BCM Ducati

BCM Motorsports will satisfy all your Ducati needs. Located conveniently near the New Hampshire International Speedway, drop on by the next time you are in ...
www.bcmducati.com/

Beverly Hills Ducati | Feel the Passion.

Not everyone can sell the exclusive reds of borgo panigale - this dealer is licensed to offer new and used ducati motorcycles. an exclusive ducati flagship ...
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Ducati Motor Holding, SpA

Type	Public (Borsa Italiana:DMH)
Founded	1926
Founder	Bruno Cavalieri Ducati Adriano Ducati Marcello Ducati
Headquarters	Bologna, Italy
Key people	Giampiero Paoli (Chairman) Gabriele Del Torchio (CEO)
Industry	motorcycle manufacturer
Products	motorcycles
Revenue	€304,794,000 (2006)
Operating income	€34,715,000 (2006)
Net income	-€8,523,000 (2006)
Employees	1,134 (2006)
Subsidiaries	Ducati Corse SpA (MotoGP and Superbike racing)
Website	Ducati.com

Ducati Motor Holding, SpA (Borsa Italiana:DMH) is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer located in Bologna, Italy.

Ducati Mach 1

From their first post-Second World War bicycle-like low-displacement motorbikes Ducati has gained prominence in motorcycle racing and in the motorcycle industry.

In the 1960s, Ducati earned its place in motorcycling history by producing the then fastest 250 cc road bike available, the Mach 1.^[1]^[2]^[3] In the 1970s Ducati began producing large-displacement L-twin (i.e. a 90° V-twin) motorcycles and in 1973 released an L-twin with the trademarked desmodromic valve design. In 1985, Cagiva bought Ducati and planned to rebadge Ducati motorcycles with the lesser-known Cagiva name (at least outside of Italy). By the time the purchase was completed, Cagiva kept the "Ducati" name on its motorcycles. In 1996, Texas Pacific Group bought for US$325 million a 51% stake in the company and in 1998, bought the remaining 49% and became the sole owner of Ducati. In 1999, TPG issued an IPO of Ducati stock and renamed the company Ducati Motor Holding SpA. TPG sold over 65% of its shares in Ducati. In December 2005 Ducati returned to Italian ownership with the sale of Texas Pacific's stake (minus one share) to Investindustrial Holdings, the investment fund of Carlo and Andrea Bonomi.

1 Company history
- 1.1 Ownership
- 1.2 Beginnings

2 Motorcycle designs

3 Product history
- 3.1 1950s
- 3.2 1960s
- 3.3 1970s
- 3.4 1980s
- 3.5 1990s
- 3.6 Current lineup
- 3.7 Future

4 Motorcycle design history

5 Ducati products other than motorcycles

6 Merchandising

7 Racing History
- 7.1 MotoGP World Championship
- 7.2 Superbike World Championship
- 7.3 AMA Superbike Championship
- 7.4 British Superbike Championship

8 References

9 See also

10 External links

Company history

Ownership

(1950 - 1967) Government IRI management years (In 1953 split into Ducati Meccanica, and Ducati Elettronica, now called Ducati Energia SpA)

(1967 - 78) Government EFIM management (control over day-to-day factory operations)

(1967 - 73) Headed By Montano

(1973 - 78) Headed by De Eccher

(1978 - 85) Subsidiary of state-subsidized VM Group

(1985 - 1996) Cagiva Group ownership

(1996 - 2006) Texas-Pacific Group ownership and going public

Headed by Federico Minoli, 1996-2001 and who returned for 2003-2007

(2006 - present) Investindustrial: Back in Italian Hands

Beginnings

In 1926, three brothers Adriano, Marcello and Bruno Ducati founded Societa Scientifica Radio Brevetti Ducati in Bologna. The company produced tubes, condensers and other radio components. The cornerstone of a new factory in Borgo Panigale was laid in 1935. During the war, the factory was a target for Allied bombing. Although badly hit more than once, production was maintained. About this time Aldo Farinelli began working with the small Turinese firm SIATA (Societa Italiana per Applicazioni Tecniche Auto-Aviatorie) with the idea of developing a small engine that could be mounted on a bicycle. The noise of the engine's short stubby exhaust inspired the name "Cucciolo" (Italian: "little puppy"). Barely one month after the official liberation of Italy, SIATA announced their intention to sell Cucciolo engines to the public; it was the first new automotive design to appear in postwar Europe. The first Cucciolos were available only as a motor to be attached by the owner to a normal bicycle. Some businessmen bought the little engines in quantity, installed them in frames and offered these complete units for sale.

By 1950, with 200,000 Cucciolos already sold, Ducati finally offered its own complete motorcycle based on the successful little pushrod engine. The collaboration with SIATA resulted in a well designed little 60 cc bike. This first Ducati motorcycle weighed 98 pounds and had a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h). Its 15 mm carburetor gave a little under 200 mpg (85 km/L). In the 1950s, Ducati officially dropped the "Cucciolo" name, replacing it with "55M" or "65TL".

The market was moving towards bigger motorcycles though, and Ducati's IRI management felt diversification was the only answer. Ducati made an impression at the early 1952 Milan Show, introducing the Ducati 65 TS cycle and the Cruiser, a four-stroke motor scooter. Despite being described as the most interesting new machine at the 1952 show, the Cruiser was not a great success. A couple thousand were made over a two year period before being withdrawn from production.

In 1953, management decided to split the operation into two separate entities, Ducati Meccanica SpA, and Ducati Elettronica, under separate management. (Ducati Elettronica became Ducati Energia SpA in the eighties.)

Dr. Giuseppe Montano took over as head of Ducati Meccanica SpA and the old Borgo Panigale factory was modernized with government assistance. By 1954, Ducati Meccanica SpA was producing 120 bikes a day, but cheap cars were entering the market, and sales for many motorcycle manufacturers would decline.

From the 1960s to the 1990s the Spanish company MotoTrans licensed Ducati engines and produced motorcycles that were recognizably Ducati derived, although incorporating many subtle differences. MotoTrans' most notable machine was the 250 cc 24 Horas (Spanish: 24 hours), a 285 cc version that won the Barcelona twenty-four hour race at the Montjuic circuit for three consecutive years, 1956 to 1958.

Motorcycle designs

2006 Ducati Paul Smart 1000LE

Ducati is best known for high performance motorcycles characterized by large capacity four-stroke, 90-degree L-twin^[4] engines featuring a desmodromic valve design.^[5] Modern Ducatis remain among the dominant performance motorcycles available today partly because of the Desmodromic valve design, which is nearing its 50th year of use. Desmodromic valves are closed with a separate, dedicated cam lobe and lifter instead of the conventional valve springs used in most internal combustion engines. This allows the cams to have a more radical profile, thus opening and closing the valves more quickly without the risk of valve-float which is likely when using a "passive" closing mechanisms under the same conditions.

While most other manufacturers utilize wet-clutches (with the spinning parts bathed in oil)^[6] Ducati uses multiplate dry clutches in many of their current motorcycles. The dry clutch eliminates the power loss from oil viscosity drag on the engine even though the engagement may not be as smooth as the oil bath versions, and the clutch plates can wear more rapidly.

Product history

The chief designer of Ducati motorcycles from the 1950s was the late Fabio Taglioni (1920-2001). He designed most Ducatis during this period, ranging from the small single cylinder machines that were successful in the Italian 'street races' up to the large capacity twins of the 80s. Ducati introduced the Pantah in 1979; its engine was updated in the 1990s in the Ducati SuperSport (SS) series. All modern Ducati engines are derivatives of the Pantah, which uses a toothed belt to actuate the engine's valves. Taglioni used the Cavallino Rampante (identified with the Ferrari brand) on his Ducati motorbikes, Taglioni chose this emblem of courage and daring as a sign of respect and admiration for Francesco Baracca, a heroic World War I fighter pilot that died during an air raid in 1918^[7]

1950s

Main article: Ducati Singles

1960s

Main article: Ducati Apollo

1970s

Main article: Ducati V-twin motorcycles

In 1973, Ducati also commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.

(In 2006 the retro styled Ducati PaulSmart1000LE, which shares styling cues with the 1973 750 SuperSport (itself a production replica of Paul Smart's 1972 race winning 750 Imola Desmo) was released, as one of a SportClassic series representing the 750 GT, 750 Sport, and 750 SuperSport Ducati motorcycles.)

1980s

Main article: Ducati Quattrovalvole motorcycles

Ducati's liquid-cooled multi-valve V twins made from 1985 on are known as Quattrovalvole ("four-valve"). These include the 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

1990s

In 1993, Miguel Angel Galuzzi introduced the Ducati Monster,^[8] a naked bike with exposed trellis and engine. Today the Monster accounts for almost half of the company's worldwide sales. The Monster, which has been out since 1994, has undergone the most changes of any motorcycle that Ducati has ever produced. After more than a decade of manufacturing, Ducati continues to create innovative changes to this classic motorcycle.

In 1993 , Pierre Terblanche , Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono . A 550cc single cylinder light weight “Catalog Racer”. Only 67 were built between 1993-1997.

In 1995, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini, a water-cooled version that allowed for higher output levels and a striking new bodywork that featured aggressive lines, underseat exhausts, and a single-sided swingarm. Ducati has since ceased production of what many called the bike of the 1990s, supplanting it with the 749 and 999.

Current lineup

Ducati Hypermotard

For the 2008 model year, Ducati lineup is as follows:

Monster

S2R 1000

S4R Testastretta

S4R S Testastretta

S4R S Testastretta Tri-Colore

Multistrada

1100

1100 S

Ducati 1098 S Tricolore

SportClassic

GT 1000

Sport 1000 monoposto

Sport 1000 biposto

Sport 1000 S biposto

Superbike

1098

Ducati Desmosedici RR

Other

Hypermotard

Desmosedici RR

Engines

Desmodue: Desmo two valve air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (800SS, Multistrada 620, Monster 620 695 696 803 992)

Desmodue Double Spark: Desmo two valve , air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (1000DS, Multistrada 1000, 1000S, Monster S2R 1000, SportClassic GT 1000, Sport 1000, 1000S, Hypermotard 1100, 1100S)

Desmotre Double Spark: Desmo three valve, liquid cooled, 40° included valve angle, (ST3)

Desmoquattro Testastretta: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (999, 749, Monster S4R, S4RS)

Motors introduced for 2007

Testastretta Evoluzione: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (848/1098)

Future

The Ducati MotoGP Team has finished the 2007 testing of the Desmosedici GP8 with World Champion Casey Stoner and his new team mate Marco Melandri. The bike will be officially launched in January 2008.

Motorcycle design history

2007 Ducati Monster S4Rs Testastretta

Ducati (in its various incarnations) has produced several styles of motorcycle engines, including varying the number of cylinders, type of valve actuation and fuel delivery. Ducati is best known for its "L-Twin" motor which is the powerplant in the majority of Ducati-marqued motorcycles. Ducati has also manufactured engines with one, two, three or four cylinders; operated by pull rod valves and push rod valves; single, double and triple overhead camshafts; two stroke and even at one stage manufactured a stationary diesel engine, many of which were used as emergency pumps (eg for fire fighting). Currently, Ducati makes no other engines except for its motorcycles.

On current Ducati motors, the valves are actuated by a standard valve cam shaft which is rotated by a timing belt driven by the motor directly. The teeth on the belt keep the camshaft drive pulleys indexed. On older Ducati motors, prior to 1981, drive was by solid shaft that transferred to the camshaft through bevel-cut gears. This method of valve actuation was used on many of Ducati's older single cylinder motorcycles - the shaft tube is visible on the outside of the cylinder.

Ducati is also famous for using the desmodromic valve system championed by engineer and designer Fabio Taglioni though they have also used engines that use valve springs to close their valves. In the early days, Ducati reserved the desmodromic valve heads for its higher performance bikes and its race bikes. These valves do not suffer from valve float at high engine speeds, thus a desmodromic engine is capable of far higher revolutions than a similarly configured engine with traditional spring-valve heads.

In the 1960s and -70s Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the U.S.

Ducati has produced the following engine types:

Single cylinder,
- bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc
- bevel actuated, desmodromic valved: 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc

Two cylinder,
- bevel actuated, spring valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
- bevel actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
- chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL)
- chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD)
- belt actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): Almost all motors since 1986.

Four cylinder,
- gear actuated, desmo valved (L-quattro): (Desmosedici)
- bevel actuated, spring valved (L-4): Prototype Apollo, only two made.

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Ducati Meccanica (as the company was previously known) has its marque on non-motorcycle products as well. In the 1930s and 40s, Ducati manufactured radios, cameras, and electrical products such as a razor. The Ducati Sogno was a half-frame Leica-like camera which is now a very rare collectors' item.

Currently, there are four Ducati companies: Ducati Motor Holding (the subject of this article), Ducati Corse (which runs the Ducati racing program), Ducati Energia, a designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components and systems and Ducati Sistemi, a subsidiary of Ducati Energia. All are located in Borgo Panigale in Bologna, Italy.

Ducati Motor Holding often uses electrical components and subsystems from Ducati Energia.

Merchandising

Like companies like Ferrari, Lamborghini and others, Ducati has a wide range of accessories, lifestyle products and merchandising bearing their logos and designs. One of the more recent tie-ups was with SanDisk ^[9].

Racing History

2006 Ducati 999R Xerox

See also: Ducati Corse

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30 year absence.^[10] On September 23, 2007 Casey Stoner clinched his and Ducati's first Grand Prix World Championship.

When Ducati re-joined MotoGP in 2003, MotoGP had changed its rules to allow four-stroke 990 cc engines to race. At the time Ducati was the fastest bike. In 2007, MotoGP reduced the engine size to 800 cc, yet Ducati continued to be the fastest bike. Ducati continued that trend in 2007 with a bike that was markedly faster than its rivals as was displayed by Casey Stoner on tracks with long straights.

For the 2008 MotoGP season, Ducati Marlboro Team will campaign their Desmosedici GP8 with Casey Stoner and Marco Melandri.^[11] Loris Capirossi who was with the team from 2003 to 2007 will leave Ducati and ride for Suzuki.^[12]

Ducati also supplies bikes to Pramac d'Antin which for 2008 has been renamed the Alice Team, who are running the Desmosedici GP8.^[13]

Year	Champion	Motorcycle
2007	Casey Stoner	Ducati Desmosedici GP7

Superbike World Championship

For 2008, Ducati will race a homologated version of the 1098R. The FIM, the sanctioning body for the Superbike World Championship, has raised the displacement limit for 2 cylinder engines to 1,200 cc.^[14] In 2007, Ducati raced their 999F07 which is a homologated racing version of the 999R because maximum displacement for a 2 cylinder engines was limited to 1,000 cc.

The company has won twelve rider's world championships since the championship's inception in 1988.

Year	Champion	Motorcycle
1990	Raymond Roche	Ducati 851
1991	Doug Polen	Ducati 888
1992	Doug Polen	Ducati 888
1994	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1995	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1996	Troy Corser	Ducati 916
1998	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1999	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 996
2001	Troy Bayliss	Ducati 996R
2003	Neil Hodgson	Ducati 999F03
2004	James Toseland	Ducati 999F04
2006	Troy Bayliss	Ducati 999F06

Ducati has also won fourteen manufacturer world championships for years 1991–1996, 1998–2004, and 2006.

AMA Superbike Championship

In the AMA Superbike Championship, Ducati has had its share of success, with Doug Polen winning the title in 1993 and Troy Corser the following year in 1994. Ducati has entered a bike in every AMA Superbike season since 1986, but withdrew from the series after the 2006 season.^[15]^[16]^[17]

British Superbike Championship

The British Superbike Championship has been won by Ducati riders on seven occasions:

Year	Champion
1995	Steve Hislop
1999	Troy Bayliss
2000	Neil Hodgson
2001	John Reynolds
2002	Steve Hislop
2003	Shane Byrne
2005	Gregorio Lavilla

References

^ Mach 1. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

^ DUCATI MOTOR HOLDING SPA Annual and Transition Report (foreign private issuer) (20-F) Item 4. Information on the Company. edgar-online.com (2004-06-30). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ History of the Motorcycle. mecossemi.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

^ History of the Two-Valve Twin. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Desmo for Dummies. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ What is in an oil. yamaha-motor.ca. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Fabio Taglioni: a Legend. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Desmo 2 Valve History. monsta.at. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ http://www.bikervoodoo.com/2008/02/02/sandisk-extreme-ducati-usb/

^ 2003 Ducati MotoGP Team. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Williams, Evan (2007-07-22). Melandri To Marlboro Ducati. superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved on 0228-01-25.

^ Capirossi to join Suzuki in 2008. bbc.co.uk (2007-08-16). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Pramac d'Antin MotoGP becomes Alice Team. eurosport.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Changes to the Technical Rules for 2008. worldsbk.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Minoli, Federico (2006-08-22). AMA Next Year. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Williams, Evan (2007-03-08). Ducati AMA Superbike Streak Ends. superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Adams, Dean (2006-08-22). Bombshell: Ducati Pulls Out Of AMA Superbike. Superbikeplanet.net. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

External links

ducati.com Official website

Ducati Motorcycles at the Open Directory Project

Ducati Associations and Clubs at the Open Directory Project

Ducati Businesses at the Open Directory Project

v • d • e Major and Notable Italian motorcycle marques
Aprilia · Benelli · Bimota · Cagiva · Ducati · Gilera · Laverda · Mondial · Morbidelli · Moto Guzzi · Moto Morini · MV Agusta

Ducati v • d • e
Ducati Motorcycles: 748 • 749 • 750 Imola • 800SS • 848 • 851 • 888 • 900GTS • 916 • 996 • 998 • 999 • 1098 • Apollo • Desmosedici • Hypermotard • Monster • Multistrada • Pantah • Paso • PaulSmart1000LE • ST2 • ST3 • ST4 • Supermono • SuperSport
Other Products: Sogno camera

Search Term: "Ducati_Motor_Holding"

Categories: Ducati | Italian brands | Motorcycle manufacturers of Italy | Moped manufacturers

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Ducati official WWW site. Ducati, located in Bologna Italy, builds one of the world's finest, and most sought after, motorcycles.
www.ducati.com/

Ducati.com

The official site of the Ducati Corse team including rider profiles, photo gallery, race results, and team news.
www.ducati.com/racing/index.jhtml

Ducati

Ducati North America is pleased announce the return of the Superbike Concorso. There will be five rounds of the Superbike Concorso in 2008. ...
www.ducatiusa.com/

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From their first post-Second World War bicycle-like low-displacement motorbikes Ducati has gained prominence in motorcycle racing and in the motorcycle ...
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Ducati owner's home on the internet. Also know as the Ducati List, this owners club generates over 300000 e-mails a day between Ducati Owners worldwide ...
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Photos, racing stories. Biographies from ducati women around the globe.
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The focus of this page is to help those Ducati owners who are interested in performing their own maintenance, or are looking to modify their bikes without ...
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Ducati 996 Streetrace exhaust sound
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Ducati Classifieds - Buy, Used, Sell, Trade all that is DUCATI

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BCM Motorsports will satisfy all your Ducati needs. Located conveniently near the New Hampshire International Speedway, drop on by the next time you are in ...
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Ducati Motor Holding, SpA

Type	Public (Borsa Italiana:DMH)
Founded	1926
Founder	Bruno Cavalieri Ducati Adriano Ducati Marcello Ducati
Headquarters	Bologna, Italy
Key people	Giampiero Paoli (Chairman) Gabriele Del Torchio (CEO)
Industry	motorcycle manufacturer
Products	motorcycles
Revenue	€304,794,000 (2006)
Operating income	€34,715,000 (2006)
Net income	-€8,523,000 (2006)
Employees	1,134 (2006)
Subsidiaries	Ducati Corse SpA (MotoGP and Superbike racing)
Website	Ducati.com

Ducati Motor Holding, SpA (Borsa Italiana:DMH) is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer located in Bologna, Italy.

Ducati Mach 1

From their first post-Second World War bicycle-like low-displacement motorbikes Ducati has gained prominence in motorcycle racing and in the motorcycle industry.

1 Company history
- 1.1 Ownership
- 1.2 Beginnings

2 Motorcycle designs

3 Product history
- 3.1 1950s
- 3.2 1960s
- 3.3 1970s
- 3.4 1980s
- 3.5 1990s
- 3.6 Current lineup
- 3.7 Future

4 Motorcycle design history

5 Ducati products other than motorcycles

6 Merchandising

7 Racing History
- 7.1 MotoGP World Championship
- 7.2 Superbike World Championship
- 7.3 AMA Superbike Championship
- 7.4 British Superbike Championship

8 References

9 See also

10 External links

Company history

Ownership

(1950 - 1967) Government IRI management years (In 1953 split into Ducati Meccanica, and Ducati Elettronica, now called Ducati Energia SpA)

(1967 - 78) Government EFIM management (control over day-to-day factory operations)

(1967 - 73) Headed By Montano

(1973 - 78) Headed by De Eccher

(1978 - 85) Subsidiary of state-subsidized VM Group

(1985 - 1996) Cagiva Group ownership

(1996 - 2006) Texas-Pacific Group ownership and going public

Headed by Federico Minoli, 1996-2001 and who returned for 2003-2007

(2006 - present) Investindustrial: Back in Italian Hands

Beginnings

Motorcycle designs

2006 Ducati Paul Smart 1000LE

Product history

1950s

Main article: Ducati Singles

1960s

Main article: Ducati Apollo

1970s

Main article: Ducati V-twin motorcycles

In 1973, Ducati also commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.

1980s

Main article: Ducati Quattrovalvole motorcycles

Ducati's liquid-cooled multi-valve V twins made from 1985 on are known as Quattrovalvole ("four-valve"). These include the 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

1990s

In 1993 , Pierre Terblanche , Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono . A 550cc single cylinder light weight “Catalog Racer”. Only 67 were built between 1993-1997.

Current lineup

Ducati Hypermotard

For the 2008 model year, Ducati lineup is as follows:

Monster

S2R 1000

S4R Testastretta

S4R S Testastretta

S4R S Testastretta Tri-Colore

Multistrada

1100

1100 S

Ducati 1098 S Tricolore

SportClassic

GT 1000

Sport 1000 monoposto

Sport 1000 biposto

Sport 1000 S biposto

Superbike

1098

Ducati Desmosedici RR

Other

Hypermotard

Desmosedici RR

Engines

Desmodue: Desmo two valve air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (800SS, Multistrada 620, Monster 620 695 696 803 992)

Desmodue Double Spark: Desmo two valve , air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (1000DS, Multistrada 1000, 1000S, Monster S2R 1000, SportClassic GT 1000, Sport 1000, 1000S, Hypermotard 1100, 1100S)

Desmotre Double Spark: Desmo three valve, liquid cooled, 40° included valve angle, (ST3)

Desmoquattro Testastretta: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (999, 749, Monster S4R, S4RS)

Motors introduced for 2007

Testastretta Evoluzione: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (848/1098)

Future

Motorcycle design history

2007 Ducati Monster S4Rs Testastretta

In the 1960s and -70s Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the U.S.

Ducati has produced the following engine types:

Single cylinder,
- bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc
- bevel actuated, desmodromic valved: 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc

Two cylinder,
- bevel actuated, spring valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
- bevel actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
- chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL)
- chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD)
- belt actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): Almost all motors since 1986.

Four cylinder,
- gear actuated, desmo valved (L-quattro): (Desmosedici)
- bevel actuated, spring valved (L-4): Prototype Apollo, only two made.

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Ducati Motor Holding often uses electrical components and subsystems from Ducati Energia.

Merchandising

Racing History

2006 Ducati 999R Xerox

See also: Ducati Corse

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30 year absence.^[10] On September 23, 2007 Casey Stoner clinched his and Ducati's first Grand Prix World Championship.

Ducati also supplies bikes to Pramac d'Antin which for 2008 has been renamed the Alice Team, who are running the Desmosedici GP8.^[13]

Year	Champion	Motorcycle
2007	Casey Stoner	Ducati Desmosedici GP7

Superbike World Championship

The company has won twelve rider's world championships since the championship's inception in 1988.

Year	Champion	Motorcycle
1990	Raymond Roche	Ducati 851
1991	Doug Polen	Ducati 888
1992	Doug Polen	Ducati 888
1994	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1995	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1996	Troy Corser	Ducati 916
1998	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1999	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 996
2001	Troy Bayliss	Ducati 996R
2003	Neil Hodgson	Ducati 999F03
2004	James Toseland	Ducati 999F04
2006	Troy Bayliss	Ducati 999F06

Ducati has also won fourteen manufacturer world championships for years 1991–1996, 1998–2004, and 2006.

AMA Superbike Championship

British Superbike Championship

The British Superbike Championship has been won by Ducati riders on seven occasions:

Year	Champion
1995	Steve Hislop
1999	Troy Bayliss
2000	Neil Hodgson
2001	John Reynolds
2002	Steve Hislop
2003	Shane Byrne
2005	Gregorio Lavilla

References

^ Mach 1. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

^ DUCATI MOTOR HOLDING SPA Annual and Transition Report (foreign private issuer) (20-F) Item 4. Information on the Company. edgar-online.com (2004-06-30). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ History of the Motorcycle. mecossemi.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

^ History of the Two-Valve Twin. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Desmo for Dummies. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ What is in an oil. yamaha-motor.ca. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Fabio Taglioni: a Legend. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Desmo 2 Valve History. monsta.at. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ http://www.bikervoodoo.com/2008/02/02/sandisk-extreme-ducati-usb/

^ 2003 Ducati MotoGP Team. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Williams, Evan (2007-07-22). Melandri To Marlboro Ducati. superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved on 0228-01-25.

^ Capirossi to join Suzuki in 2008. bbc.co.uk (2007-08-16). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Pramac d'Antin MotoGP becomes Alice Team. eurosport.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Changes to the Technical Rules for 2008. worldsbk.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Minoli, Federico (2006-08-22). AMA Next Year. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Williams, Evan (2007-03-08). Ducati AMA Superbike Streak Ends. superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Adams, Dean (2006-08-22). Bombshell: Ducati Pulls Out Of AMA Superbike. Superbikeplanet.net. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

External links

ducati.com Official website

Ducati Motorcycles at the Open Directory Project

Ducati Associations and Clubs at the Open Directory Project

Ducati Businesses at the Open Directory Project

v • d • e Major and Notable Italian motorcycle marques
Aprilia · Benelli · Bimota · Cagiva · Ducati · Gilera · Laverda · Mondial · Morbidelli · Moto Guzzi · Moto Morini · MV Agusta

Ducati v • d • e
Ducati Motorcycles: 748 • 749 • 750 Imola • 800SS • 848 • 851 • 888 • 900GTS • 916 • 996 • 998 • 999 • 1098 • Apollo • Desmosedici • Hypermotard • Monster • Multistrada • Pantah • Paso • PaulSmart1000LE • ST2 • ST3 • ST4 • Supermono • SuperSport
Other Products: Sogno camera

Search Term: "Ducati_Motor_Holding"

Categories: Ducati | Italian brands | Motorcycle manufacturers of Italy | Moped manufacturers

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Ducati.com

Ducati official WWW site. Ducati, located in Bologna Italy, builds one of the world's finest, and most sought after, motorcycles.
www.ducati.com/

Ducati.com

The official site of the Ducati Corse team including rider profiles, photo gallery, race results, and team news.
www.ducati.com/racing/index.jhtml

Ducati

Ducati North America is pleased announce the return of the Superbike Concorso. There will be five rounds of the Superbike Concorso in 2008. ...
www.ducatiusa.com/

Lamborghini VS Ducati
Lamborghini Gallardo VS Ducati 999. 2 great Italian monsters ...
3 min 3 sec
www.metacafe.com/watch/88786/lamborghini_vs_ducati/

Ducati Motor Holding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From their first post-Second World War bicycle-like low-displacement motorbikes Ducati has gained prominence in motorcycle racing and in the motorcycle ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati

Ducati 916 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Ducati Index

This is an index of Ducati related information; it is a listing of books, magazine articles, web links, clubs, dealers, and so on. ...
www.cowin-tech.com/ducati/

Search results for Ducati in Motorcycles

www.ducati.net - Ducati Online

Ducati owner's home on the internet. Also know as the Ducati List, this owners club generates over 300000 e-mails a day between Ducati Owners worldwide ...
www.ducati.net/

ducati seattle

www.ducatiseattle.com/

DUCATI WOMEN

Photos, racing stories. Biographies from ducati women around the globe.
www.ducatiwomen.com/

Ducati Suite- For the Do-It-Yourself Ducati Mechanic

The focus of this page is to help those Ducati owners who are interested in performing their own maintenance, or are looking to modify their bikes without ...
www.ducatisuite.com/

Ducati Monster List Home

The Ducati Monster List: The online hangout for Ducati Monster Owners.
www.ducatimonster.org/

Ducati 996 Streetrace exhaust sound
exhaust sound...A Ducati 996 racing around a German harbour ...
1 min 52 sec -

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltPvfYSFLrc

Ducati MH900 evoluzione
MH900 evoluzione...http://elifoner.com/89 - Custom Ducati ...
51 sec -

www.youtube.com/watch?v=q21_fJqPCOA

Ducati Classifieds - Buy, Used, Sell, Trade all that is DUCATI

Ducati trader classifieds lists Ducati motorcycles for sale, and Ducati motorcycle parts.
ducatitrader.com/

BCM Ducati

BCM Motorsports will satisfy all your Ducati needs. Located conveniently near the New Hampshire International Speedway, drop on by the next time you are in ...
www.bcmducati.com/

Beverly Hills Ducati | Feel the Passion.

Not everyone can sell the exclusive reds of borgo panigale - this dealer is licensed to offer new and used ducati motorcycles. an exclusive ducati flagship ...
www.bhducati.com/

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Ducati Motor Holding, SpA

Type	Public (Borsa Italiana:DMH)
Founded	1926
Founder	Bruno Cavalieri Ducati Adriano Ducati Marcello Ducati
Headquarters	Bologna, Italy
Key people	Giampiero Paoli (Chairman) Gabriele Del Torchio (CEO)
Industry	motorcycle manufacturer
Products	motorcycles
Revenue	€304,794,000 (2006)
Operating income	€34,715,000 (2006)
Net income	-€8,523,000 (2006)
Employees	1,134 (2006)
Subsidiaries	Ducati Corse SpA (MotoGP and Superbike racing)
Website	Ducati.com

Ducati Motor Holding, SpA (Borsa Italiana:DMH) is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer located in Bologna, Italy.

Ducati Mach 1

From their first post-Second World War bicycle-like low-displacement motorbikes Ducati has gained prominence in motorcycle racing and in the motorcycle industry.

1 Company history
- 1.1 Ownership
- 1.2 Beginnings

2 Motorcycle designs

3 Product history
- 3.1 1950s
- 3.2 1960s
- 3.3 1970s
- 3.4 1980s
- 3.5 1990s
- 3.6 Current lineup
- 3.7 Future

4 Motorcycle design history

5 Ducati products other than motorcycles

6 Merchandising

7 Racing History
- 7.1 MotoGP World Championship
- 7.2 Superbike World Championship
- 7.3 AMA Superbike Championship
- 7.4 British Superbike Championship

8 References

9 See also

10 External links

Company history

Ownership

(1950 - 1967) Government IRI management years (In 1953 split into Ducati Meccanica, and Ducati Elettronica, now called Ducati Energia SpA)

(1967 - 78) Government EFIM management (control over day-to-day factory operations)

(1967 - 73) Headed By Montano

(1973 - 78) Headed by De Eccher

(1978 - 85) Subsidiary of state-subsidized VM Group

(1985 - 1996) Cagiva Group ownership

(1996 - 2006) Texas-Pacific Group ownership and going public

Headed by Federico Minoli, 1996-2001 and who returned for 2003-2007

(2006 - present) Investindustrial: Back in Italian Hands

Beginnings

Motorcycle designs

2006 Ducati Paul Smart 1000LE

Product history

1950s

Main article: Ducati Singles

1960s

Main article: Ducati Apollo

1970s

Main article: Ducati V-twin motorcycles

In 1973, Ducati also commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.

1980s

Main article: Ducati Quattrovalvole motorcycles

Ducati's liquid-cooled multi-valve V twins made from 1985 on are known as Quattrovalvole ("four-valve"). These include the 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

1990s

In 1993 , Pierre Terblanche , Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono . A 550cc single cylinder light weight “Catalog Racer”. Only 67 were built between 1993-1997.

Current lineup

Ducati Hypermotard

For the 2008 model year, Ducati lineup is as follows:

Monster

S2R 1000

S4R Testastretta

S4R S Testastretta

S4R S Testastretta Tri-Colore

Multistrada

1100

1100 S

Ducati 1098 S Tricolore

SportClassic

GT 1000

Sport 1000 monoposto

Sport 1000 biposto

Sport 1000 S biposto

Superbike

1098

Ducati Desmosedici RR

Other

Hypermotard

Desmosedici RR

Engines

Desmodue: Desmo two valve air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (800SS, Multistrada 620, Monster 620 695 696 803 992)

Desmodue Double Spark: Desmo two valve , air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (1000DS, Multistrada 1000, 1000S, Monster S2R 1000, SportClassic GT 1000, Sport 1000, 1000S, Hypermotard 1100, 1100S)

Desmotre Double Spark: Desmo three valve, liquid cooled, 40° included valve angle, (ST3)

Desmoquattro Testastretta: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (999, 749, Monster S4R, S4RS)

Motors introduced for 2007

Testastretta Evoluzione: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (848/1098)

Future

Motorcycle design history

2007 Ducati Monster S4Rs Testastretta

In the 1960s and -70s Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the U.S.

Ducati has produced the following engine types:

Single cylinder,
- bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc
- bevel actuated, desmodromic valved: 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc

Two cylinder,
- bevel actuated, spring valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
- bevel actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
- chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL)
- chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD)
- belt actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): Almost all motors since 1986.

Four cylinder,
- gear actuated, desmo valved (L-quattro): (Desmosedici)
- bevel actuated, spring valved (L-4): Prototype Apollo, only two made.

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Ducati Motor Holding often uses electrical components and subsystems from Ducati Energia.

Merchandising

Racing History

2006 Ducati 999R Xerox

See also: Ducati Corse

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30 year absence.^[10] On September 23, 2007 Casey Stoner clinched his and Ducati's first Grand Prix World Championship.

Ducati also supplies bikes to Pramac d'Antin which for 2008 has been renamed the Alice Team, who are running the Desmosedici GP8.^[13]

Year	Champion	Motorcycle
2007	Casey Stoner	Ducati Desmosedici GP7

Superbike World Championship

The company has won twelve rider's world championships since the championship's inception in 1988.

Year	Champion	Motorcycle
1990	Raymond Roche	Ducati 851
1991	Doug Polen	Ducati 888
1992	Doug Polen	Ducati 888
1994	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1995	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1996	Troy Corser	Ducati 916
1998	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 916
1999	Carl Fogarty	Ducati 996
2001	Troy Bayliss	Ducati 996R
2003	Neil Hodgson	Ducati 999F03
2004	James Toseland	Ducati 999F04
2006	Troy Bayliss	Ducati 999F06

Ducati has also won fourteen manufacturer world championships for years 1991–1996, 1998–2004, and 2006.

AMA Superbike Championship

British Superbike Championship

The British Superbike Championship has been won by Ducati riders on seven occasions:

Year	Champion
1995	Steve Hislop
1999	Troy Bayliss
2000	Neil Hodgson
2001	John Reynolds
2002	Steve Hislop
2003	Shane Byrne
2005	Gregorio Lavilla

References

^ Mach 1. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

^ DUCATI MOTOR HOLDING SPA Annual and Transition Report (foreign private issuer) (20-F) Item 4. Information on the Company. edgar-online.com (2004-06-30). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ History of the Motorcycle. mecossemi.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

^ History of the Two-Valve Twin. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Desmo for Dummies. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ What is in an oil. yamaha-motor.ca. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Fabio Taglioni: a Legend. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Desmo 2 Valve History. monsta.at. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ http://www.bikervoodoo.com/2008/02/02/sandisk-extreme-ducati-usb/

^ 2003 Ducati MotoGP Team. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Williams, Evan (2007-07-22). Melandri To Marlboro Ducati. superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved on 0228-01-25.

^ Capirossi to join Suzuki in 2008. bbc.co.uk (2007-08-16). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Pramac d'Antin MotoGP becomes Alice Team. eurosport.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Changes to the Technical Rules for 2008. worldsbk.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Minoli, Federico (2006-08-22). AMA Next Year. ducati.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Williams, Evan (2007-03-08). Ducati AMA Superbike Streak Ends. superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

^ Adams, Dean (2006-08-22). Bombshell: Ducati Pulls Out Of AMA Superbike. Superbikeplanet.net. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.

External links

ducati.com Official website

Ducati Motorcycles at the Open Directory Project

Ducati Associations and Clubs at the Open Directory Project

Ducati Businesses at the Open Directory Project

v • d • e Major and Notable Italian motorcycle marques
Aprilia · Benelli · Bimota · Cagiva · Ducati · Gilera · Laverda · Mondial · Morbidelli · Moto Guzzi · Moto Morini · MV Agusta

Ducati v • d • e
Ducati Motorcycles: 748 • 749 • 750 Imola • 800SS • 848 • 851 • 888 • 900GTS • 916 • 996 • 998 • 999 • 1098 • Apollo • Desmosedici • Hypermotard • Monster • Multistrada • Pantah • Paso • PaulSmart1000LE • ST2 • ST3 • ST4 • Supermono • SuperSport
Other Products: Sogno camera

Search Term: "Ducati_Motor_Holding"

Categories: Ducati | Italian brands | Motorcycle manufacturers of Italy | Moped manufacturers

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Stock futures up on BHP bid, Alcoa higher Reuters via Yahoo! News - Nov 08 5:31 AM< class=yschabstr> S&P 500 and Dow stock futures rose on Thursday as shares of natural resources companies, including Alcoa Inc , gained after BHP Billiton disclosed it had made a bid for rival miner Rio Tinto .

Stock futures up on BHP news as Bernanke eyed Reuters via Yahoo! News - Nov 08 4:38 AM< class=yschabstr> S&P 500 and Dow stock futures reversed course to rise on Thursday after BHP Billiton said it had made a bid for rival miner Rio Tinto , which appeared set to lift shares of natural resource companies sharply higher.

Futures recover on BHP's bid for Rio Reuters via Yahoo! News - Nov 08 4:11 AM< class=yschabstr> S&P 500 and Dow stock futures rose on Thursday after BHP Billiton revealed it had made a bid for rival miner Rio Tinto , which appeared set to lift shares of natural resource companies sharply higher.

Stock futures down Reuters via Yahoo! News - Nov 08 2:43 AM< class=yschabstr> Stock index futures fell before Wall Street's opening on Thursday amid overnight news of more subprime write-downs at two big banks and with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke due to testify before Congress.

US Commodities: Gold Up Again; Wheat Futures Slide Nasdaq - 32 minutes ago< class=yschabstr>NEW YORK -(Dow Jones)- Gold futures climbed Thursday as speculative buying ensued on inflation fears and a weaker dollar, but the metal pared its gains later in the session.

U.S. Stock Futures Rise on Takeover Speculation; Alcoa Climbs Bloomberg.com - Nov 08 5:40 AM< class=yschabstr>Nov. 8 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. stock-index futures climbed after BHP Billiton Ltd.'s offer to buy Rio Tinto Group spurred speculation of more takeovers in the metals industry and Ford Motor Co. said its third-quarter loss narrowed.

U.S. stock futures up on M&A, Ford forecast Market Watch - Nov 08 6:18 AM< class=yschabstr>LONDON (MarketWatch) -- U.S. stock futures steadied Thursday after the last session's drubbing, with investors balancing Cisco Systems' lackluster forecast of U.S. corporate demand, with BHP Billiton's $110 billion offer for rival mining giant Rio Tinto and Ford Motor Co.'s upbeat forecast.

U.S. Stock-Index Futures Recoup Losses; Alcoa, Freeport Advance Bloomberg.com - Nov 08 4:27 AM< class=yschabstr>Nov. 8 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. stock-index futures recovered earlier losses. Alcoa Inc., the world's biggest aluminum maker, rose in Europe after BHP Billiton Ltd. said it offered to buy rival Rio Tinto Group.

Global Stocks, U.S. Futures Drop; Fortis, Bank of America Fall Bloomberg.com - Nov 08 3:58 AM< class=yschabstr>Nov. 8 (Bloomberg) -- Stocks retreated in Europe and Asia, led by financial companies, after Morgan Stanley said the outlook for credit markets has worsened and Fortis reported profit that trailed analysts' estimates. U.S. index futures declined.

U.S. Stock-Index Futures Drop; Cisco, Lehman Brothers Decline Bloomberg.com - Nov 08 3:42 AM< class=yschabstr>Nov. 8 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. stock-index futures fell. Cisco Systems Inc. tumbled in Europe after Chief Executive Officer John Chambers said a ``dramatic'' drop in sales to automobile and financial companies is curbing growth.

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In finance, a futures contract is a standardized contract, traded on a futures exchange, to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the future, at a specified price. The future date is called the delivery date or final settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price.

A futures contract gives the holder the obligation to buy or sell, which differs from an options contract, which gives the holder the right, but not the obligation. In other words, the owner of an options contract may exercise the contract. Both parties of a "futures contract" must fulfill the contract on the settlement date. The seller delivers the commodity to the buyer, or, if it is a cash-settled future, then cash is transferred from the futures trader who sustained a loss to the one who made a profit. To exit the commitment prior to the settlement date, the holder of a futures position has to offset their position by either selling a long position or buying back a short position, effectively closing out the futures position and its contract obligations.

Futures contracts, or simply futures, are exchange traded derivatives. The exchange's clearinghouse acts as counterparty on all contracts, sets margin requirements, etc.

1 Futures vs. Forwards

2 Standardization

3 Margin

4 Settlement

5 Pricing

6 Futures contracts and exchanges

7 Who trades futures?

8 Options on futures

9 Futures Contract Regulations

10 See also

11 References

12 Futures Exchanges & Regulators

13 External links

Futures vs. Forwards

While futures and forward contracts are both a contract to deliver a commodity on a future date at a prearranged price, they are different in several respects:

Forwards transact only when purchased and on the settlement date. Futures, on the other hand, are rebalanced, or "marked to market," every day to the daily spot price of a forward with the same agreed-upon delivery price and underlying asset.
- The fact that forwards are not rebalanced daily means that, due to movements in the price of the underlying asset, a large differential can build up between the forward's delivery price and the settlement price.
  - This means that one party will incur a big loss at the time of delivery (assuming they must transact at the underlying's spot price to facilitate receipt/delivery).
  - This in turn creates a credit risk. More generally, the risk of a forward contract is that the supplier will be unable to deliver the required commodity, or that the buyer will be unable to pay for it on the delivery day.
- The rebalancing of futures eliminates much of this credit risk by forcing the holders to update daily to the price of an equivalent forward purchased that day. This means that there will usually be very little additional money due on the final day to settle the futures contract.
- In addition, the daily futures-settlement failure risk is borne by an exchange, rather than an individual party, limiting credit risk in futures.
- Example for a futures contract with a $100 price: Let's say that on day 50, a forward with a $100 delivery price (on the same underlying asset as the future) costs $88. On day 51, that forward costs $90. This means that the mark-to-market would require the holder of one side of the future to pay $2 on day 51 to track the changes of the forward price. This money goes, via margin accounts, to the holder of the other side of the future. (A forward-holder, however, would pay nothing until settlement on the final day, potentially building up a large balance. So, except for tiny effects of convexity bias or possible allowance for credit risk, futures and forwards with equal delivery prices result in the same total loss or gain, but holders of futures experience that loss/gain in daily increments which track the forward's daily price changes, while the forward's spot price converges to the settlement price.)

Futures are always traded on an exchange, whereas forwards always trade over-the-counter, or can simply be a signed contract between two parties.

Futures are highly standardised, whereas some forwards are unique.

In the case of physical delivery, the forward contract specifies to whom to make the delivery. The counterparty for delivery on a futures contract is chosen by the clearinghouse.

Some exchanges tolerate 'nonconvergence', the failure of futures contracts and the value of the physical commodities they represent to reach the same value on 'contract settlement' day at the designated delivery points. An example of this is the CBOT (Chicago Board of Trade)Soft Red Winter wheat (SRW) futures. SRW futures have settled more than 20¢ apart on settlement day and as much as $1.00 difference between settlement days. Only a few participants holding CBOT SRW futures contracts are qualified by the CBOT to make or receive delivery of commodities to settle futures contracts. Therefore, it's impossible for almost any individual producer to 'hedge' efficiently when relying on the final settlement of a futures contract for SRW. The trend is the CBOT continuing to restrict those entities who can actually participate in settling contracts with commodity to only those that can ship or receive large quantities of railroad cars and multiple barges at a few selected sites. The CFTC (Commodity Futures Trading Commission - a regulatory agency headed by a political appointee), which has oversight of the futures market, has made no comment as to why this trend is allowed to continue since economic theory and CBOT publications maintain that convergence of contracts with the price of the underlying commodity they represent is the basis of integrity for a futures market. It follows that the function of 'price discovery', the ability of the markets to discern the appropriate value of a commodity reflecting current conditions, is degraded in relation to the discrepancy in price and the inability of producers to enforce contracts with the commodities they represent.

Standardization

Futures contracts ensure their liquidity by being highly standardized, usually by specifying:

The underlying asset or instrument. This could be anything from a barrel of crude oil to a short term interest rate.

The type of settlement, either cash settlement or physical settlement.

The amount and units of the underlying asset per contract. This can be the notional amount of bonds, a fixed number of barrels of oil, units of foreign currency, the notional amount of the deposit over which the short term interest rate is traded, etc.

The currency in which the futures contract is quoted.

The grade of the deliverable. In the case of bonds, this specifies which bonds can be delivered. In the case of physical commodities, this specifies not only the quality of the underlying goods but also the manner and location of delivery. For example, the NYMEX Light Sweet Crude Oil contract specifies the acceptable sulfur content and API specific gravity, as well as the location where delivery must be made.

The delivery month.

The last trading date.

Other details such as the commodity tick, the minimum permissible price fluctuation.

Margin

To minimize credit risk to the exchange, traders must post margin or a performance bond, typically 5%-15% of the contract's value.

Margin requirements are waived or reduced in some cases for hedgers who have physical ownership of the covered commodity or spread traders who have offsetting contracts balancing the position.

Initial margin is paid by both buyer and seller. It represents the loss on that contract, as determined by historical price changes, that is not likely to be exceeded on a usual day's trading.

A futures account is marked to market daily. If the margin drops below the margin maintenance requirement established by the exchange listing the futures, a margin call will be issued to bring the account back up to the required level.

Margin-equity ratio is a term used by speculators, representing the amount of their trading capital that is being held as margin at any particular time. The low margin requirements of futures results in substantial leverage of the investment. However, the exchanges require a minimum amount that varies depending on the contract and the trader. The broker may set the requirement higher, but may not set it lower. A trader, of course, can set it above that, if he doesn't want to be subject to margin calls.

Return on margin (ROM) is often used to judge performance because it represents the gain or loss compared to the exchange’s perceived risk as reflected in required margin. ROM may be calculated (realized return) / (initial margin). The Annualized ROM is equal to (ROM 1)^{(year/trade_duration)}-1. For example if a trader earns 10% on margin in two months, that would be about 77% annualized.

Settlement

Settlement is the act of consummating the contract, and can be done in one of two ways, as specified per type of futures contract:

Physical delivery - the amount specified of the underlying asset of the contract is delivered by the seller of the contract to the exchange, and by the exchange to the buyers of the contract. Physical delivery is common with commodities and bonds. In practice, it occurs only on a minority of contracts. Most are cancelled out by purchasing a covering position - that is, buying a contract to cancel out an earlier sale (covering a short), or selling a contract to liquidate an earlier purchase (covering a long). The Nymex crude futures contract uses this method of settlement upon expiration.

Cash settlement - a cash payment is made based on the underlying reference rate, such as a short term interest rate index such as Euribor, or the closing value of a stock market index. A futures contract might also opt to settle against an index based on trade in a related spot market. Ice Brent futures use this method.

Expiry is the time when the final prices of the future is determined. For many equity index and interest rate futures contracts (as well as for most equity options), this happens on the third Friday of certain trading month. On this day the t 1 futures contract becomes the t forward contract. For example, for most CME and CBOT contracts, at the expiry on December, the March futures become the nearest contract. This is an exciting time for arbitrage desks, as they will try to make rapid gains during the short period (normally 30 minutes) where the final prices are averaged from. At this moment the futures and the underlying assets are extremely liquid and any mispricing between an index and an underlying asset is quickly traded by arbitrageurs. At this moment also, the increase in volume is caused by traders rolling over positions to the next contract or, in the case of equity index futures, purchasing underlying components of those indexes to hedge against current index positions. On the expiry date, a European equity arbitrage trading desk in London or Frankfurt will see positions expire in as many as eight major markets almost every half an hour.

Pricing

The situation where the price of a commodity for future delivery is higher than the spot price, or where a far future delivery price is higher than a nearer future delivery, is known as contango. The reverse, where the price of a commodity for future delivery is lower than the spot price, or where a far future delivery price is lower than a nearer future delivery, is known as backwardation.

When the deliverable asset exists in plentiful supply, or may be freely created, then the price of a future is determined via arbitrage arguments. The forward price represents the expected future value of the underlying discounted at the risk free rate—as any deviation from the theoretical price will afford investors a riskless profit opportunity and should be arbitraged away; see rational pricing of futures.

Thus, for a simple, non-dividend paying asset, the value of the future/forward, F(t), will be found by compounding the present value S(t) at time t to maturity T by the rate of risk-free return r.

or, with continuous compounding

This relationship may be modified for storage costs, dividends, dividend yields, and convenience yields.

In a perfect market the relationship between futures and spot prices depends only on the above variables; in practice there are various market imperfections (transaction costs, differential borrowing and lending rates, restrictions on short selling) that prevent complete arbitrage. Thus, the futures price in fact varies within arbitrage boundaries around the theoretical price.

The above relationship, therefore, is typical for stock index futures, treasury bond futures, and futures on physical commodities when they are in supply (e.g. on corn after the harvest). However, when the deliverable commodity is not in plentiful supply or when it does not yet exist, for example on wheat before the harvest or on Eurodollar Futures or Federal funds rate futures (in which the supposed underlying instrument is to be created upon the delivery date), the futures price cannot be fixed by arbitrage. In this scenario there is only one force setting the price, which is simple supply and demand for the future asset, as expressed by supply and demand for the futures contract.

In a deep and liquid market, this supply and demand would be expected to balance out at a price which represents an unbiased expectation of the future price of the actual asset and so be given by the simple relationship

In fact, this relationship will hold in a no-arbitrage setting when we take expectations with respect to the risk-neutral probability. In other words: a futures price is martingale with respect to the risk-neutral probability.

With this pricing rule, a speculator is expected to break even when the futures market fairly prices the deliverable commodity.

In a shallow and illiquid market, or in a market in which large quantities of the deliverable asset have been deliberately withheld from market participants (an illegal action known as cornering the market), the market clearing price for the future may still represent the balance between supply and demand but the relationship between this price and the expected future price of the asset can break down.

Futures contracts and exchanges

There are many different kinds of futures contracts, reflecting the many different kinds of tradable assets of which they are derivatives. For information on futures markets in specific underlying commodity markets, follow the links.

Foreign exchange market

Money market

Bond market

Equity index market

Soft Commodities market

Trading on commodities began in Japan in the 18th century with the trading of rice and silk, and similarly in Holland with tulip bulbs. Trading in the US began in the mid 19th century, when central grain markets were established and a marketplace was created for farmers to bring their commodities and sell them either for immediate delivery (also called spot or cash market) or for forward delivery. These forward contracts were private contracts between buyers and sellers and became the forerunner to today's exchange-traded futures contracts. Although contract trading began with traditional commodities such grains, meat and livestock, exchange trading has expanded to include metals, energy, currency and currency indexes, equities and equity indexes, government interest rates and private interest rates.

Contracts on financial instruments was introduced in the 1970s by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange(CME) and these instruments became hugely successful and quickly overtook commodities futures in terms of trading volume and global accessibility to the markets. This innovation led to the introduction of many new futures exchanges worldwide, such as the London International Financial Futures Exchange in 1982 (now Euronext.liffe), Deutsche Terminbörse (now Eurex) and the Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM). Today, there are more than 75 futures and futures options exchanges worldwide trading to include:

CME Group (formerly CBOT and CME) -- Currencies, Various Interest Rate derivatives (including US Bonds); Agricultural (Corn, Soybeans, Soy Products, Wheat, Pork, Cattle, Butter, Milk); Index (Dow Jones Industrial Average); Metals (Gold, Silver), Index (NASDAQ, S&P, etc)

ICE Futures - the International Petroleum Exchange trades energy including crude oil, heating oil, natural gas and unleaded gas and merged with IntercontinentalExchange(ICE)to form ICE Futures.

Euronext.liffe

Sydney Futures Exchange

London Commodity Exchange - softs: grains and meats. Inactive market in Baltic Exchange shipping.

Tokyo Stock Exchange TSE (JGB Futures, TOPIX Futures)

Tokyo Commodity Exchange TOCOM

Tokyo Financial Exchange TFX (Euroyen Futures, OverNight CallRate Futures, SpotNext RepoRate Futures)

Osaka Securities Exchange OSE (Nikkei Futures, RNP Futures)

London Metal Exchange - metals: copper, aluminium, lead, zinc, nickel and tin.

New York Board of Trade - softs: cocoa, coffee, cotton, orange juice, sugar

New York Mercantile Exchange - energy and metals: crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, natural gas, coal, propane, gold, silver, platinum, copper, aluminum and palladium

Dubai Mercantile Exchange

Futures exchange

Futures on many Single-stock futures

Who trades futures?

Futures traders are traditionally placed in one of two groups: hedgers, who have an interest in the underlying commodity and are seeking to hedge out the risk of price changes; and speculators, who seek to make a profit by predicting market moves and buying a commodity "on paper" for which they have no practical use.

Hedgers typically include producers and consumers of a commodity.

For example, in traditional commodities markets, farmers often sell futures contracts for the crops and livestock they produce to guarantee a certain price, making it easier for them to plan. Similarly, livestock producers often purchase futures to cover their feed costs, so that they can plan on a fixed cost for feed. In modern (financial) markets, "producers" of interest rate swaps or equity derivative products will use financial futures or equity index futures to reduce or remove the risk on the swap.

The social utility of futures markets is considered to be mainly in the transfer of risk, and increase liquidity between traders with different risk and time preferences, from a hedger to a speculator for example.

Options on futures

In many cases, options are traded on futures. A put is the option to sell a futures contract, and a call is the option to buy a futures contract. For both, the option strike price is the specified futures price at which the future is traded if the option is exercised. See the Black model, which is the most popular method for pricing these option contracts.

Futures Contract Regulations

All futures transactions in the United States are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), an independent agency of the United States Government. The Commission has the right to hand out fines and other punishments for an individual or company who breaks any rule. Although by law the commission regulates all transactions, each exchange can have its own rule, and under contract can fine companies for different things or extend the fine that the CFTC hands out.

The CFTC publishes weekly reports containing details of the open interest of market participants for each market-segment, which has more than 20 participants. These reports are released every Friday (including data from the previous Tuesday) and contain data on open interest split by reportable and non-reportable open interest as well as commercial and non-commercial open interest. This type of report is referred to as 'Commitments-Of-Traders'-Report, COT-Report or simply COTR.

References

John C. Hull, Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 6th edition 2006, Prentice-Hall

Keith Redhead, (31 Oct 1996), Financial Derivatives: An Introduction to Futures, Forwards, Options and Swaps, Prentice-Hall

Abraham Lioui & Patrice Poncet, (March 30, 2005), Dynamic Asset Allocation with Forwards and Futures, Springer

Valdez, Steven, . An Introduction To Global Financial Markets. Macmillan Press Ltd. (ISBN 0-333-76447-1)

Arditti, Fred D., 19nn. Derivatives: A Comprehensive Resource for Options, Futures, Interest Rate Swaps, and Mortgage Securities. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 0-87584-560-6.

Futures Exchanges & Regulators

Chicago Board of Trade

Chicago Mercantile Exchange

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

National Futures Association

Kansas City Board of Trade

New York Board of Trade

External links

Search Term: "Futures_contract"

Category: Derivatives

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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting, mainly used in the U.S.A.. It includes the standards, conventions, and rules accountants follow in recording and summarizing transactions, and in the preparation of financial statements.

One key aspect of GAAP is an emphasis of "general" as a conceptual realization of variables in method. Far from suggesting that all accounting exercises employ the same method and generate the same results, in fact GAAP accommodates variation in applied accounting methods as long as the methods generally adhere to this set of principles, which are more broad than specific.

Pursuant to the foregoing, not only therefore does GAAP provide for variation in method, the natural conclusion of this is that GAAP also creates an environment in which financial reporting results can vary depending on purpose. One company in one fiscal year can produce different reports, all completed within GAAP, for different audiences or different purposes, and all these reports can be considered correct.

Also, a company may report financial performance considered acceptable by the accounting firm that produced the review; yet upon closer investigation oddities may be revealed that require a restatement of all or part of the report. Recently (2006 - 2007) well known corporations such as Apple and Research In Motion have had to restate certain aspects of their financial reports that had previously been presented as accurate yet met with disagreement as to their adherence to certain "best practices".

1 Overview

2 National GAAP

3 International GAAP

4 See also

5 External links

Overview

Financial accounting information must be assembled and reported objectively. Third-parties who must rely on such information have a right to be assured that the data are free from bias and inconsistency, whether deliberate or not. For this reason, financial accounting relies on certain standards or guides that are called "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" (GAAP).

Principles also derive from tradition, such as the concept of matching. In any report of financial statements (audit, compilation, review, etc.), the preparer/auditor/CPA must indicate to the reader whether or not the information contained within the statements complies with GAAP.

Principle of regularity: Regularity can be defined as conformity to enforced rules and laws. This principle is also known as the Principle of Consistency.

Principle of sincerity: According to this principle, the accounting unit should reflect in good faith the reality of the company's financial status.

Principle of the permanence of methods: This principle aims at allowing the coherence and comparison of the financial information published by the company.

Principle of non-compensation: One should show the full details of the financial information and not seek to compensate a debt with an asset, a revenue with an expense, etc.

Principle of prudence: This principle aims at showing the reality "as is" : one should not try to make things look prettier than they are. Typically, a revenue should be recorded only when it is certain and a provision should be entered for an expense which is probable.

Principle of continuity: When stating financial information, one should assume that the business will not be interrupted. This principle mitigates the principle of prudence: assets do not have to be accounted at their disposable value, but it is accepted that they are at their historical value (see depreciation).

Principle of periodicity: Each accounting entry should be allocated to a given period, and split accordingly if it covers several periods. If a client pre-pays a subscription (or lease, etc.), the given revenue should be split to the entire time-span and not counted for entirely on the date of the transaction.

National GAAP

Every country has its own standard accounting practice version of GAAP with standards set by a national governing body.

International GAAP

Many countries use or are converging on the International Financial Reporting Standards, established and maintained by the International Accounting Standards Committee.

External links

IFRS/IAS Accounting Standards Guide

Search Term: "Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles"

Category: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

testgmaster

dakota

ducati

Contents

Company history

Ownership

Beginnings

Motorcycle designs

Product history

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Current lineup

Future

Motorcycle design history

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Merchandising

Racing History

MotoGP World Championship

Superbike World Championship

AMA Superbike Championship

British Superbike Championship

References

See also

External links

dodge

ducati

Contents

Company history

Ownership

Beginnings

Motorcycle designs

Product history

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Current lineup

Future

Motorcycle design history

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Merchandising

Racing History

MotoGP World Championship

Superbike World Championship

AMA Superbike Championship

British Superbike Championship

References

See also

External links

dodge

ducati

Contents

Company history

Ownership

Beginnings

Motorcycle designs

Product history

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Current lineup

Future

Motorcycle design history

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Merchandising

Racing History

MotoGP World Championship

Superbike World Championship

AMA Superbike Championship

British Superbike Championship

References

See also

External links

dodge